Did the Church replace Israel?

No. Sha'ul (Paul) asks this exact question and answers it as forcefully as the language allows: Has God rejected his people? By no means (Romans 11:1-2). And he says the gifts and the calling of God are irrevocable (Romans 11:29). God does not take them back.

The picture he uses is an olive tree. The nations who come to faith are branches grafted into Israel's tree, sharing its root. They are added in, not swapped in. Israel was never cut down so the Church could take its place.

And this is no small thing. The teaching that the Church replaced Israel, called replacement theology, is not a harmless idea. Its history of fueling contempt for the Jewish people runs all the way to the Holocaust.