Hamartia is the standard Greek word for sin — literally "missing the mark." In moral contexts it means exactly what your English Bible says: failure, transgression, falling short. But the word has a second layer almost no English translation makes visible. In the Septuagint, hamartia is the technical term the translators reached for when they rendered the Hebrew chatat, the Levitical sin offering. Leviticus 4 uses chatat fifteen times for the purification sacrifice, and the LXX translates it hamartia every single time.

This matters because it opens a second reading of 2 Corinthians 5:21. "He made Him to be hamartia for us" can mean "He made Him to be sin" (the PSA reading, where God treats Yeshua as if He became moral evil). Or it can mean "He made Him to be a sin offering" (the Levitical reading, where Yeshua becomes the new chatat, the new means of purification). The grammar permits either. The context — Sha'ul's Septuagint-saturated vocabulary — favors the Levitical. The same Greek word carries both meanings; the translator picks which one you see. Most of them picked wrong.